新SAT阅读中的字面和引申含义如何辨别

　　众所周知，SAT或ACT考试成绩在美国大学申请中占有一定的地位，尽管美国的大学并不是唯分数论，但是对于要求提供SAT或ACT考试成绩的学校来说，申请者如果能取得较好的SAT或ACT成绩就会为申请增加成功的砝码。

　　SAT2在考取美国高中时不是必须的，有些好的大学也不要求，但是如果不考SAT2高中毕业想申请好的大学时就会受到很大限制。

　　首先，要搞清楚所要申请学校的要求。并非所有的美国大学都要求有SAT2成绩，相当一部分普通大学和少量名校都不需要(NOT REQUIRED)考SAT2。如果你申请的学校都是不需要SAT2成绩的，而你备考TOEFL、SAT1的时间又很紧张，那么就没有必要去考SAT2。但大部分的美国名校是需要有SAT2成绩的，一般是需要两门或三门。在需要SAT2成绩的学校中，对具体科目的要求又不尽相同，有的学校没有规定科目，有的则给出了相当程度的指定，如加州理工学院(CALTECH)就要求所有申请者必须提供SAT2的数学2和科学类中的一门(即物理或化学或生物)成绩。

　　新SAT阅读的难点之一就是掌握句子的引申含义(underlying meaning)，快速辨别出字面含义和引申含义就意味着阅读的理解和答题正确率的保障，那么问题来了，如何辨别?下面我们来详细分析。

　　首先我们来了解一下什么是字面含义，什么又是引申含义：

　　字面含义(literal meaning): 只要按照英文单词逐字逐句翻译，就知道句子的意思。

　　引申含义(underlying meaning): 即使按照英文单词逐字逐句翻译，也不知道句子的意思;需要通过字里行间的某种联系，才能知道作者的意图和所表达的含义。

　　在新SAT阅读中，考察到引申含义的形式大概分为三种：

　　(1)各种修辞手法

　　(2)“不相关”句子

　　(3)按照不同的文体，引申含义的句子的比重不一样

　　引申一：“不相关”句子

　　这里说的不相关，是指乍看起来与文章中心内容毫无瓜葛，但是，考试文章无废话，所有这些貌似“不相关”的语句，都是考察理解程度的考点。如下：

　　例1：直接引语(direct quotation)：支持原文的言论或者主张。

　　A Kikongo proverb states, "A tree cannot stand without its roots." It seems such obvious wisdom now, a well-worn cliché in our era in which everything truly insightful has already been said. But all clichés derive their endurance from their truth, and my ancestors who coined this adage were sending a clear and powerful message to their descendants: a people cannot flourish without their life-giving foundations in the past.

　　例2：文中排比(Parallelism) 多用来拓充文章篇幅，所有排比句共同支持一个中心思想或者主张，不必拘泥于任何一处排比分句的具体含义。

　　As she wrote a final letter on her typewriter—she did hate letting the old machine go—Georgia did considerable philosophizing about the irony of working for things only to the end of giving them up. She had waded through snow-drifts and been trenched in pouring rains, she had been frozen with the cold and prostrated with the heat, she had been blown about by Chicago wind until it was strange there was any of her left in one piece, she had had front doors—yes, and back doors too—slammed in her face, she had been the butt of the alleged wit of menials and hirelings, she had been patronized by vapid women as the poor girl who must make her living some way, she had been roasted by—but never mind—she had had a beat or two!

　　引申二：各种修辞手法

　　用一些实例来展示，相信同学们看了会更好理解一些：

　　(1)引经据典direct quotation

　　Critics couldn't resist reviewing them together, mocking the pair, even then, as "The Hair Poets," "The Braids of the East," and "The New Asian Poe-tresses."评论家用了三个名号来表示这两个人的相似性。

　　(2)设问句/反问句Rhetorical question

　　But what do these words mean? How do they create magic?请看下文，下文有实质性内容

　　(3)比喻Metaphor

　　We have gazed at one another across the transatlantic divide like a child seeing itself in the mirror for the first time.我们互相凝望。

　　(4)类比Analogy

　　Since my command of the crayon was greater than my command of writing, in a sense my drawings became my poems.我喜欢绘画和诗歌。

　　(5)排比Parallelism

　　She had waded through snow-drifts and been trenched in pouring rains, she had been frozen with the cold and prostrated with the heat, she had been blown about by Chicago wind until it was strange there was any of her left in one piece…她受了不少苦。

　　(6)拟人Personification

　　Stars winked on in a darkening sky.夜空有星星。

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