SAT阅读自然科学类解题技巧

　　众所周知，SAT或ACT考试成绩在美国大学申请中占有一定的地位，尽管美国的大学并不是唯分数论，但是对于要求提供SAT或ACT考试成绩的学校来说，申请者如果能取得较好的SAT或ACT成绩就会为申请增加成功的砝码。

　　SAT2，亦称SATII，或SAT Subject，是美国大学录取应届高中生时采用的学业水平考试。SAT2考试采用全球统一试卷，因此其成绩具有全球可比性，是衡量不同地区学生的学业水平的重要参考，在录取实际操作过程中往往替代高中成绩单。不同于SAT的综合能力测试，SAT2是一种专项水平测试，考察学生某一科目的水平。目前SAT2的科目分为数学、科学、语言、英语、历史与社会科学五大类。其中数学类有数学一和数学二两门，科学类有物理、化学、生物三门，语言类有法语、德语、西班牙语、中文、日语、韩语、希伯莱语、拉丁语等十二门，英语类只有英语文学一门;历史与社会科学类有美国历史和世界历史两门。以上加起来共计二十门考试。目前北美地区每年有7次考试，分别在1月，3月，5月，6月，10月，11月，12月的第一个周六;世界其他地区3月没有考试，其他6次考试时间与北美相同。

　　SAT2在考取美国高中时不是必须的，有些好的大学也不要求，但是如果不考SAT2高中毕业想申请好的大学时就会受到很大限制。

　　SAT1和SAT2的总分分别是多少?SAT1和SAT2的总分都是2400分，SAT1写作阅读数学三门各800分，SAT2也是三门自选各800分。

　　SAT阅读题型分类比较多，那么关于SAT阅读中的自然科学类文章，大家了解多少呢?一说到自然科学，很多人会想到一类学科，一群科学家，或者一个电视节目……自然科学是一类文章，它更多是出现在阅读考试当中。SAT阅读突破自然科学类文章如何备考呢?

　　SAT阅读题型分类之自然科学类文章解题技巧：

　　自然科学它是一个话题类别，再细分还会有具体的学科，什么天文地质啊，物理化学啊等等，但是知道这些学科和分类并不能最好地指导你的阅读考试。阅读考试可不是茶余饭后读读咪蒙那么简单，而是要求短时高效找到准确的信息点，并做以恰当的理解转化。在这个背景下，训练的时候把文章的话题内容(如花岗岩的分类和特质)解读得再仔细，再具体，我们能做的，也只有期待下一次考试还是会出非常类似内容，如果换成别的内容，之前的解读就基本用不到了。

　　那怎么办，不学了么?当然要学。就像写作有格式，听力有套路，其实啊，阅读也是有固定模式的……在SAT阅读当中，最有套路模式的就是自然科学类的文章。我们要帮助大家实现的，就是学会辨认自然科学类文章的脉络走向，组织框架，而对于文章内容，我们就可以不挑了。

　　在SAT阅读突破训练中，大家可以把自然科学类文章分为这么5种——

　　1. 开门见山类

　　2. 理论假设类

　　3. 先立后破类

　　4. 先破后立类

　　5. 信息介绍类

　　咱们今天先说开门见山类,我们对照一篇的真题文章看一下(本文属于开门见山类中最复杂的模式)：

　　When exoplanet hunters announced in January of 2014 that they had found a tribe of “mini-Neptunes” and the lightest planet ever detected outside our solar system, they highlighted more than just the diversity of exoplanets. The results, announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society, also show the power of an up-and-coming method of calculating the masses of alien worlds from the way they eclipse their stars.

　　The new technique, called transit timing variation (TTV), is enabling astronomers to fill out their picture of dozens of exoplanets detected by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. The eclipses, or “transits,” that Kepler detected reveal only a planet’s size and orbital period. To know whether it is rocky, gaseous, or some mixture of the two, astronomers also need its mass. Traditionally, they have resorted to ground-based telescopes to determine it, by measuring the wobble of the star as the planet tugs on it. But TTY can determine masses from transit data alone.

　　The technique was the brainchild of Matthew Holman, an astrophysicist at Harvard University, and others. If two or more planets happened to be orbiting a star in close proximity, they reasoned, their gravitational tugs on each other would alter their orbital periods. If one of them was a transiting planet— dimming the light of its parent star as it passed between the star and Earth—astronomers would see its transit timing vary over multiple orbits, betraying the presence of a companion planet. If both planets were transiting, astronomers could measure the perturbations in both their orbits and work out the planets' masses.

　　Holman and a colleague published the idea in 2005, and Eric Agol of the University of Washington, Seattle, and colleagues put forward a similar scheme almost simultaneously. For years afterward, however, astronomers failed to detect transit timing variations because almost all known exoplanets were gas giants spinning around their stars in tight orbits. Theorists think such planets formed farther from the star and later barreled inward, clearing away any potential wobble-inducing companions.

　　The technique became practical thanks to the Kepler spacecraft, which until 2013 was monitoring the brightness of 160,000 nearby stars for the telltale dimming due to transiting planets. Kepler began delivering data on dozens of planetary systems, many of them consisting of multiple planets. In 2010, astronomers began making TTV detections. Their expertise has been growing ever since.

　　David Kipping, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his colleagues came across KOI-314c while combing Kepler data for TTV signatures due to exomoons, which should cause transiting exoplanets to wobble and change their transit timing. But the transits seen around the star KOI-314, a red dwarf some 200 light-years from Earth, pointed instead to the presence of two planets. Their transit times were varying in lockstep: when one planet slowed down in its orbit around the star, the other would speed up, and vice versa. “We saw the same TTV signature, just in opposite phase to each other,” Kipping says. “It was obvious that these two planets must be interacting."

　　By simulating the dance on a computer, the researchers worked out the masses of the two planets. They found that the outer, KOI-314c, which orbits the star every 23 days, has the same mass as Earth, although it is about 60% larger than Earth in radius. Kipping and his colleagues infer that the planet—the lightest exoplanet so far discovered—has a rocky core and a thick, gaseous atmosphere. The inner planet, KOI-314c, is similar in size but about four times as massive.

　　Meanwhile, researchers led by Yoram Lithwick, an astronomer at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, were looking at the TTV signatures of 163 exoplanets found by Kepler. The team determined that about 60 of them occupy a mass range between Earth and Neptune and are larger than expected for a rocky planet of that mass, suggesting they are blanketed by thick, extended atmospheres. They also found a pattern: as the planets grew bigger in radius, their density declined. “If you make something twice as big, it becomes four times less dense,” Lithwick says. “So from going from a less than two Earth radii to four Earth radii, the density goes from rock-like all the way to gas.” Lithwick predicts the surprising finding “will have big implications for understanding planet formation.”

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